Accurate estimation of the change in crime over time is a critical first step towards better understanding of public safety in large urban environments. Bayesian hierarchical modeling is a natural way to study spatial variation in urban crime dynamics at the neighborhood level, since it facilitates principled ``sharing of information'' between spatially adjacent neighborhoods. Typically, however, cities contain many physical and social boundaries that may manifest as spatial discontinuities in crime patterns. In this situation, standard prior choices often yield overly-smooth parameter estimates, which can ultimately produce mis-calibrated forecasts. To prevent potential over-smoothing, we introduce a prior that partitions the set of neighborhoods into several clusters and encourages spatial smoothness within each cluster. In terms of model implementation, conventional stochastic search techniques are computationally prohibitive, as they must traverse a combinatorially vast space of partitions. We introduce an ensemble optimization procedure that simultaneously identifies several high probability partitions by solving one optimization problem using a new local search strategy. We then use the identified partitions to estimate crime trends in Philadelphia between 2006 and 2017. On simulated and real data, our proposed method demonstrates good estimation and partition selection performance.
翻译:对长期犯罪变化的准确估计是更好地了解大型城市环境中公共安全的关键第一步。贝耶斯等级建模是研究邻里城市犯罪动态空间变化的自然方法,因为它有利于在空间相邻的邻里之间进行原则性的“信息共享”。然而,城市通常包含许多有形和社会界限,可能表现为犯罪模式中的空间不连续。在这种情况下,标准先期选择往往产生过大移动的参数估计,最终会产生错误的预测。为了防止潜在的过度移动,我们引入了先前的一种方法,将邻里群落分成若干组群,并鼓励每个组群的空间平稳。在模型实施方面,传统的随机搜索技术在计算上令人望而不可及,因为它们必须绕过隔开的广处空间。我们引入了混合优化程序,通过使用新的本地搜索战略解决一个优化问题,同时确定若干高概率的分差。我们随后使用已查明的分界来估计2006年至201717年期间费城的犯罪趋势。关于模拟和真实数据,我们提出的方法显示了良好的估计和选择。