Asymptotic bias reduction of maximum likelihood estimates via penalized likelihoods with differential geometry

A procedure for asymptotic bias reduction of maximum likelihood estimates of generic estimands was developed. The estimator is realized as a plug-in estimator, where the parameter maximizes the penalized likelihood with a penalty function that satisfies a quasi-linear partial differential equation of the first order. The integration of the partial differential equation with the aid of differential geometry is discussed. Applications to generalized linear models, linear mixed-effects models, and a location-scale family are presented.