Ext groups in Homotopy Type Theory

We develop the theory of Yoneda Ext groups over a ring in homotopy type theory (HoTT) and describe their interpretation into an $\infty$-topos. This is an abstract approach to Ext groups which does not require projective or injective resolutions. While it produces group objects that are a priori large, we show that the $\operatorname{Ext}^1$ groups are equivalent to small groups, leaving open the question of whether the higher Ext groups are essentially small as well. We also show that the $\operatorname{Ext}^1$ groups take on the usual form as a product of cyclic groups whenever the input modules are finitely presented and the ring is a PID (in the constructive sense). When interpreted into an $\infty$-topos of sheaves on a 1-category, our Ext groups recover (and give a resolution-free approach to) sheaf Ext groups, which arise in algebraic geometry. (These are also called "local" Ext groups.) We may therefore interpret results about Ext from HoTT and apply them to sheaf Ext. To show this, we prove that injectivity of modules in HoTT interprets to internal injectivity in these models. It follows, for example, that sheaf Ext can be computed using resolutions which are projective or injective in the sense of HoTT, when they exist, and we give an example of this in the projective case. We also discuss the relation between internal $\mathbb{Z} G$-modules (for a $0$-truncated group object $G$) and abelian groups in the slice over $BG$, and study the interpretation of our Ext groups in both settings.