From DeepSense to Open RAN: AI/ML Advancements in Dynamic Spectrum Sensing and Their Applications

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) in next-generation wireless communication systems has become a cornerstone for advancing intelligent, adaptive, and scalable networks. This reading report examines key innovations in dynamic spectrum sensing (DSS), beginning with the foundational DeepSense framework, which uses convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and spectrogram-based analysis for real-time wideband spectrum monitoring. Building on this groundwork, it highlights advancements such as DeepSweep and Wideband Signal Stitching, which address the challenges of scalability, latency, and dataset diversity through parallel processing, semantic segmentation, and robust data augmentation strategies. The report then explores Open Radio Access Networks (ORAN), focusing on AI/ML-driven enhancements for UAV experimentation, digital twin-based optimization, network slicing, and self-healing xApp development. By bridging AI-based DSS methodologies with ORAN's open, vendor-neutral architecture, these studies underscore the potential of software-defined, intelligent infrastructures in enabling efficient, resilient, and self-optimizing networks for 5G/6G ecosystems. Through this synthesis, the report highlights AI's transformative role in shaping the future of wireless communication and autonomous systems.