Substantial scholarship has estimated the susceptibility of jobs to automation, but little has examined how job contents evolve in the information age as new technologies substitute for tasks, shifting required skills rather than eliminating entire jobs. Here we explore the patterns and consequences of changes in occupational skill contents and characterize occupations and workers subject to the greatest re-skilling pressure. Recent research suggests that high-skilled STEM and technology-intensive occupations have experienced the highest rates of skill content change. Analyzing 727 occupations across 167 million job posts covering the near-universe of the U.S. online labor market between 2010 and 2018, we find that when skill distance is accounted for, re-skilling pressure is much higher for low-skilled occupations, no matter how "low-skill: is defined, either by skill number, pay level, or education degree. We investigate the implications of uneven occupational skill change on workers and find that those from large labor markets and large employers experienced less change, while non-white males in low-skill jobs are the most demographically vulnerable. We conclude by discussing the broad potential of our skill embedding model, which learns skill proximity from skill co-presence across job posts and represents it as distance in the high-dimensional space of complex human capital that corresponds with skilling costs for workers. This model offers a fine-grained measure of the extent to which jobs evolve, and also indicates in what direction job are evolving, as illustrated by the decline in demand for human-interface skills and the rise for those at the machine-interface.
翻译:高技能STEM和技术密集型职业经历了最高技能含量变化,但很少研究信息时代的工作内容如何演变,因为新技术取代了任务,转移了所需技能,而不是消除了全部工作。在这里,我们探讨职业技能内容变化的模式和后果,并区分了面临最大再技能压力的职业和工人。最近的研究表明,高技能STEM和技术密集型职业在技能含量变化中经历了最高的比例变化。分析了2010年至2018年美国近乎单一的在线劳动力市场中1.67亿个职业岗位的727个职业,但我们发现,当计算技能距离时,低技能职业的再技能压力要高得多,不管“低技能:低技能:以技能数量、工资水平或教育程度界定了低技能内容和工人的特点。我们调查了职业技能变化不平衡对工人的影响,发现大型劳动力市场和大雇主对技能含量变化较少,而从事低技能工作的非白人男性在人口结构上最为脆弱。我们通过讨论我们的技能嵌入模型的广泛潜力,即从技能组合中学习技能接近技能,低技能压力的压力要高得多,无论技能水平如何界定低技能水平、高技能水平、高技能水平、高技能水平、高水平的跨职业向高水平显示,这代表了人类技能向高水平的工的演变趋势,表明,从高水平的演变是人类工的演变趋势的演变趋势。