Modified Supervised Contrastive Learning for Detecting Anomalous Driving Behaviours

Detecting distracted driving behaviours is important to reduce millions of deaths and injuries occurring worldwide. Distracted or anomalous driving behaviours are deviations from the 'normal' driving that need to be identified correctly to alert the driver. However, these driving behaviours do not comprise of one specific type of driving style and their distribution can be different during training and testing phases of a classifier. We formulate this problem as a supervised contrastive learning approach to learn a visual representation to detect normal, and seen and unseen anomalous driving behaviours. We made a change to the standard contrastive loss function to adjust the similarity of negative pairs to aid the optimization. Normally, the (self) supervised contrastive framework contains an encoder followed by a projection head, which is omitted during testing phase as the encoding layers are considered to contain general visual representative information. However, we assert that for supervised contrastive learning task, including projection head will be beneficial. We showed our results on a Driver Anomaly Detection dataset that contains 783 minutes of video recordings of normal and anomalous driving behaviours of 31 drivers from various from top and front cameras (both depth and infrared). We also performed an extra step of fine tuning the labels in this dataset. Out of 9 video modalities combinations, our modified contrastive approach improved the ROC AUC on 7 in comparison to the baseline models (from 3.12% to 8.91% for different modalities); the remaining two models also had manual labelling. We performed statistical tests that showed evidence that our modifications perform better than the baseline contrastive models. Finally, the results showed that the fusion of depth and infrared modalities from top and front view achieved the best AUC ROC of 0.9738 and AUC PR of 0.9772.