Augmenting Black-box LLMs with Medical Textbooks for Clinical Question Answering

Large-scale language models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT, are capable of generating human-like responses for various downstream tasks, such as task-oriented dialogues and question answering. However, applying LLMs to medical domains remains challenging due to their inability to leverage domain-specific knowledge. In this study, we present the Large-scale Language Models Augmented with Medical Textbooks (LLM-AMT), which integrates authoritative medical textbooks as the cornerstone of its design, enhancing its proficiency in the specialized domain through plug-and-play modules, comprised of a Hybrid Textbook Retriever, supplemented by the Query Augmenter and the LLM Reader. Experimental evaluation on three open-domain medical question-answering tasks reveals a substantial enhancement in both the professionalism and accuracy of the LLM responses when utilizing LLM-AMT, exhibiting an improvement ranging from 11.4% to 13.2%. Despite being 100 times smaller, we found that medical textbooks as the retrieval corpus serves as a more valuable external knowledge source than Wikipedia in the medical domain. Our experiments show that textbook augmentation results in a performance improvement ranging from 9.7% to 12.2% over Wikipedia augmentation.