US wind power generation has grown significantly over the last decades, both in number and average size of operating turbines. A lower specific power, i.e. larger rotor blades relative to wind turbine capacities, allows to increase capacity factors and to reduce cost. However, this development also reduces system efficiency, i.e. the share of power in the wind flowing through rotor swept areas which is converted to electricity. At the same time, this may also decrease output power density, the amount of electric power generated per unit of rotor swept area. In this study, we present a decomposition of historical US wind power generation data for the period 2001--2021 to examine to which extent the decrease in specific power affected system efficiency and output power density. Furthermore, we decompose the wind power available to turbines into changes due to new locations and the effect of changes in average hub heights.
翻译:在过去几十年里,美国风力发电在运营涡轮机的数量和平均规模上都大幅增长。一个较低的具体发电量,即相对于风力涡轮机容量而言,更大的旋翼叶片,可以增加能力因素和降低成本。然而,这一发展还降低了系统效率,即通过转子冲洗地区转成电力的风力在转子流中所占的份额。与此同时,这也可能会降低产出力密度,每单位转子冲洗地区的电力发电量。在本研究中,我们介绍了2001-2021年期间美国历史上的风力发电数据分解情况,以研究具体受电力影响系统效率和产出密度的下降程度。此外,我们还将涡轮机的风能转化为新地点的变化以及平均枢纽高度变化的影响。