Hilbert and Ackermann asked for a method to consistently extend incomplete theories to complete theories. G\"odel essentially proved that any theory capable of encoding its own statements and their proofs contains statements that are true but not provable. Hilbert did not accept that G\"odel's construction answered his question, and in his late writings and lectures, G\"odel agreed that it did not, since theories can be completed incrementally, by adding axioms to prove ever more true statements, as science normally does, with completeness as the vanishing point. This pragmatic view of validity is familiar not only to scientists who conjecture test hypotheses but also to real estate agents and other dealers, who conjure claims, albeit invalid, as necessary to close a deal, confident that they will be able to conjure other claims, albeit invalid, sufficient to make the first claims valid. We study the underlying logical process and describe the trajectories leading to testable but unfalsifiable theories to which bots and other automated learners are likely to converge.
翻译:希尔伯特和阿克曼曾经寻求一种方法,将不完备理论一致地扩展到完备理论。哥德尔基本上证明了任何具备自行编码语句及其证明能力的理论,都包含一些真实但无法证明的语句。希尔伯特不接受哥德尔构造回答了他的问题,在其晚年的著作和演讲中,哥德尔也认为它并没有,因为理论可以通过添加公理以证明更多的真实语句来逐步完善,这与科学通常做的事情相同,完备性是它消失的地方。这种实用的有效性视角不仅为猜测并测试假设的科学家所熟悉,而且为房地产经纪人和其他交易者所熟悉,他们发出足以关闭交易但无效的主张,有信心他们将能够发出其他足以使第一主张有效但无效的主张。我们研究了其潜在的逻辑过程,并描述了导致测试但无法证伪的理论,对于这些理论,bot和其他自动学习器很可能会趋于一致。