To assess the impact of clutter on egocentric distance perception, we performed a mixed-design study with 60 participants in four different virtual environments (VEs) with three levels of clutter. Additionally, we compared the indoor/outdoor VE characteristics and the HMD's FOV. The participants wore a backpack computer and a wide FOV head-mounted display (HMD) as they blind-walked towards three distinct targets at distances of 3m, 4.5m, and 6m. The HMD's field of view (FOV) was programmatically limited to 165{\deg}$\times$110{\deg}, 110{\deg}$\times$110{\deg}, or 45{\deg}$\times$35{\deg}. The results showed that increased clutter in the environment led to more precise distance judgment and less underestimation, independent of the FOV. In comparison to outdoor VEs, indoor VEs showed more accurate distance judgment. Additionally, participants made more accurate judgements while looking at the VEs through wider FOVs.
翻译：为了评估杂乱对本体视角下距离感知的影响，我们在四个不同的虚拟环境中进行了混合设计的研究，其中杂乱程度分为三个级别。此外，我们比较了室内外虚拟环境的特征和头戴式显示器（HMD）的视场。测试人员佩戴背包式计算机和宽视场HMD，在盲目行走的过程中朝向距离分别为3m、4.5m、6m的三个不同目标。HMD的视野（FOV）被编程限制为165{\deg}$\times$110{\deg}、110{\deg}$\times$110{\deg}或45{\deg}$\times$35{\deg}。结果表明，环境杂乱程度的增加会导致距离判断更精确，低估情况较少，这与FOV无关。相对于室外虚拟环境，室内虚拟环境表现出更准确的距离判断。此外，测试人员在宽FOV下观察虚拟环境时，距离判断更准确。
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