How to Fine-tune Models with Few Samples: Update, Data Augmentation, and Test-time Augmentation

Most of the recent few-shot learning (FSL) algorithms are based on transfer learning, where a model is pre-trained using a large amount of source data, and the pre-trained model is fine-tuned using a small amount of target data. In transfer learning-based FSL, sophisticated pre-training methods have been widely studied for universal representation. Therefore, it has become more important to utilize the universal representation for downstream tasks, but there are few studies on fine-tuning in FSL. In this paper, we focus on how to transfer pre-trained models to few-shot downstream tasks from the three perspectives: update, data augmentation, and test-time augmentation. First, we compare the two popular update methods, full fine-tuning (i.e., updating the entire network, FT) and linear probing (i.e., updating only a linear classifier, LP). We find that LP is better than FT with extremely few samples, whereas FT outperforms LP as training samples increase. Next, we show that data augmentation cannot guarantee few-shot performance improvement and investigate the effectiveness of data augmentation based on the intensity of augmentation. Finally, we adopt augmentation to both a support set for update (i.e., data augmentation) as well as a query set for prediction (i.e., test-time augmentation), considering support-query distribution shifts, and improve few-shot performance. The code is available at https://github.com/kimyuji/updating_FSL.