Insect wings can undergo significant deformation during flapping motion owing to inertial, elastic and aerodynamic forces. Changes in shape then alter aerodynamic forces, resulting in a fully coupled Fluid-Structure Interaction (FSI) problem. Here, we present detailed three-dimensional FSI simulations of deformable blowfly (Calliphora vomitoria) wings in flapping flight. A wing model is proposed using a multi-parameter mass-spring approach, chosen for its implementation simplicity and computational efficiency. We train the model to reproduce static elasticity measurements by optimizing its parameters using a genetic algorithm with covariance matrix adaptation (CMA-ES). Wing models trained with experimental data are then coupled to a high-performance flow solver run on massively parallel supercomputers. Different features of the modeling approach and the intra-species variability of elastic properties are discussed. We found that individuals with different wing stiffness exhibit similar aerodynamic properties characterized by dimensionless forces and power at the same Reynolds number. We further study the influence of wing flexibility by comparing between the flexible wings and their rigid counterparts. Under equal prescribed kinematic conditions for rigid and flexible wings, wing flexibility improves lift-to-drag ratio as well as lift-to-power ratio and reduces peak force observed during wing rotation.
翻译:由于惯性、弹性和空气动力力量,昆虫翅膀在拍动运动期间可能发生显著变形; 形状变化后会改变空气动力,从而改变空气动力动力,从而产生完全结合的流-结构互动(FSI)问题; 在这里,我们展示了在拍动飞行中变形的吹风机翼(Calliphora votioria)翅膀的详细三维FSI模拟FSI模拟; 提出了一个翼型模型,采用多参数质量波纹方法,选择该模型的实施简单和计算效率; 我们培训模型,通过利用基因算法和共变矩阵(CMA-ES)优化参数来复制静态弹性测量。 然后,通过实验数据培训的翼型模型与高性能流解解器同时运行在大规模平行的超级计算机上运行。 讨论了模型方法的不同特点和弹性特性的内部弹性特性变化。 我们发现,不同机翼僵硬度的个人表现出与无尺寸的力量和体力的特性相似。 我们进一步研究了翅膀灵活性的影响,将弹性翅膀与僵硬的机翼与固定的机翼与固定的机翼比。