Consider a finite set $E$. Assume that each $e \in E$ has a "weight" $w \left(e\right) \in \mathbb{R}$ assigned to it, and any two distinct $e, f \in E$ have a "distance" $d \left(e, f\right) = d \left(f, e\right) \in \mathbb{R}$ assigned to them, such that the distances satisfy the ultrametric triangle inequality $d(a,b)\leqslant \max \left\{d(a,c),d(b,c)\right\}$. We look for a subset of $E$ of given size with maximum perimeter (where the perimeter is defined by summing the weights of all elements and their pairwise distances). We show that any such subset can be found by a greedy algorithm (which starts with the empty set, and then adds new elements one by one, maximizing the perimeter at each step). We use this to define numerical invariants, and also to show that the maximum-perimeter subsets of all sizes form a strong greedoid, and the maximum-perimeter subsets of any given size are the bases of a matroid. This essentially generalizes the "$P$-orderings" constructed by Bhargava in order to define his generalized factorials, and is also similar to the strong greedoid of maximum diversity subsets in phylogenetic trees studied by Moulton, Semple and Steel. We further discuss some numerical invariants of $E, w, d$ stemming from this construction, as well as an analogue where maximum-perimeter subsets are replaced by maximum-perimeter tuples (i.e., elements can appear multiple times).
翻译:考虑一个限定值 $ 美元 。 假设每个美元 美元 都具有分配给它的“ 重量” $w\ left( left) (e\right) $\ remathb{ R} 美元, 任何两个不同的美元, f\ in E$ 有“ 距离” $d\ left( e, f\right) = d\ left( f, f\right) = dleft( f, e\right) = lef( a, b)\leqslant (left) left( left) d( c), d(c)\right}$ 美元。 我们寻找一个具有给定值大小为最高值的 $E的子值子集 。 我们显示, 任何这样的子集都可以通过贪婪的算法找到( 从空数组开始, 然后再增加一个新的元素, 每一步讨论。 我们使用这个定义一个坚硬的美元 lequal rial ral (a) rode) rode a more b) made max max a max max max max a 最高值 。