Satellite-based Communication systems are gaining renewed momentum in Industry and Academia, thanks to innovative services introduced by leading tech companies and the promising impact they can deliver towards the global connectivity objective tackled by early 6G initiatives. On the one hand, the emergence of new manufacturing processes and radio technologies promises to reduce service costs while guaranteeing outstanding communication latency, available bandwidth, flexibility, and coverage range. On the other hand, cybersecurity techniques and solutions applied in SATCOM links should be updated to reflect the substantial advancements in attacker capabilities characterizing the last two decades. However, business urgency and opportunities are leading operators towards challenging system trade-offs, resulting in an increased attack surface and a general relaxation of the available security services. In this paper, we tackle the cited problems and present a comprehensive survey on the link-layer security threats, solutions, and challenges faced when deploying and operating SATCOM systems.Specifically, we classify the literature on security for SATCOM systems into two main branches, i.e., physical-layer security and cryptography schemes.Then, we further identify specific research domains for each of the identified branches, focusing on dedicated security issues, including, e.g., physical-layer confidentiality, anti-jamming schemes, anti-spoofing strategies, and quantum-based key distribution schemes. For each of the above domains, we highlight the most essential techniques, peculiarities, advantages, disadvantages, lessons learned, and future directions.Finally, we also identify emerging research topics whose additional investigation by Academia and Industry could further attract researchers and investors, ultimately unleashing the full potential behind ubiquitous satellite communications.
翻译:一方面,新的制造流程和无线电技术的出现有望降低服务成本,同时保证在部署和运行SATCOM系统时所面临的连接安全威胁、解决方案和挑战。另一方面,应用SATCOM链接的网络安全技术和解决方案应当更新,以反映过去20年中攻击者能力方面的巨大进步。然而,商业紧迫性和机会正在引导操作者走向具有挑战性的系统交易,导致攻击面增加,现有安保服务最终普遍放松。在本文件中,我们处理上述问题,并全面调查连接式安全威胁、解决方案和在部署和运行SATCOM系统时面临的挑战。我们将SATCOM系统安全文献分为两大分支,即:物理安全,基于事实的系统计划。然后,我们进一步确定每个已查明的通信分支的具体研究领域,侧重于专门的安全领域,包括:核心的保密性研究领域、关键的产业分布。我们还可以将SSATCOM系统的安全文献分为两个主要分支,即,即基于物理的安全和密码学专题,然后,通过我们进一步查明其当前和虚拟的策略,以及我们今后各种反历史体系的准确性战略,以及我们每个核心的统计领域,包括关键的保密性战略、重要领域。