Asymptotically accurate and locking-free finite element implementation of the refined shell theory

A formulation of the 2D refined shell theory incorporating transverse shear in the rescaled coordinates and angles of rotation is considered. This novel approach provides the first asymptotically accurate and inherently locking-free finite element implementation. Numerical simulations of semi-cylindrical shells demonstrate excellent agreement between the analytical solution, the 2D refined shell theory, and three-dimensional elasticity theory, validating the effectiveness and accuracy of the method.