GPTCloneBench: A comprehensive benchmark of semantic clones and cross-language clones using GPT-3 model and SemanticCloneBench

Machine learning (ML) has made BigCloneBench popular for semantic clone detection tools. However, BigCloneBench only has a few Java semantic clones. In addition, due to the design principles of how the benchmark was created, imbalance issues have been identified, including the ambiguity in the definition of semantic clones. Thus, ML-based clone detection algorithms trained on BigCloneBench may overlook semantic clones or report incorrect results. The SemanticCloneBench features Stack Overflow clones of several languages. However, it lacks samples for ML-based clone detection. There is also a marked lack of cross-language clone benchmarks. The widely used CLCDSA dataset lacks reusable examples that can't be used in real-world software systems, making it inadequate for ML-based clone detection. The OpenAI GPT-3 model has shown outstanding text production, including code generation and summarization. In this paper, we used the GPT-3 model to generate a complete benchmark for both semantic and cross-language clones. Using SemanticCloneBench's genuine language clones, we tested several prompts to see which yielded better results using GPT-3 question formulation. Then, we used NiCad to filter Type-1 and Type-2 clones from GPT-3 output. We used a GUI-assisted Clone Validator tool to manually validate all clone pairings with nine judges. Functionality testing and CloneCognition verified our benchmark has no syntactic clones. Later, we validated SourcererCC, Oreo and CLCDSA tools on our benchmark. The poor performance of these tools suggests GPTCloneBench has no syntactic clone. From 77,207 Clone pairs of SemanticCloneBench/GPT-3 output, we created a benchmark with 37,149 genuine semantic clone pairs, 19,288 false semantic pairs, and 20,770 cross-language clones across four languages (Java, C, C#, and Python).