黑土区生物黑炭对土壤碳、氮转化及相关功能菌群多样性影响机制的研究

项目名称： 黑土区生物黑炭对土壤碳、氮转化及相关功能菌群多样性影响机制的研究

项目编号： No.41301316

项目类型： 青年科学基金项目

立项/批准年度： 2014

项目学科： 天文学、地球科学

项目作者： 刘志华

作者单位： 东北农业大学

项目金额： 26万元

中文摘要： 生物黑炭（Biochar,BC）是作物秸秆经过高温热解而成的一种高度碳化的多孔物质，其施入土壤能够提高土壤肥力并能减少温室气体排放。BC被作为土壤改良剂应用逐渐被人认可，但其应用机制特别是BC对氮素有效性和根际微生物的影响机理尚不明确，影响其推广应用。本研究采用不同来源秸秆（小麦、玉米、大豆和水稻）制成BC，采用不同的施用数量，研究黑土区BC对土壤碳、氮转化速率、转化过程生化强度和最终有效态积累量的影响；并基于BC对NH4+-N吸附、淋溶及NO3-N淋溶累积损失的影响和对土壤中活性有机碳的影响探讨导致生物黑炭对土壤碳、氮有效性产生影响的原因；同时采用Biolog、PFLA结合454焦磷酸高通量测序技术分析土壤与碳、氮转化相关的功能菌群多样性的变化，揭示碳、氮转化过程中起主导作用的菌群及其功能。该研究为黑土区BC的"增碳减氮"效应提供科学理论依据，并促进BC的深入开发利用。

中文关键词： 细菌；活性有机碳；淋溶；转化过程；多样性

英文摘要： When applied to soil, biochar has the characteristics of higher stability against decomposition and excellent ability to absorb ions as compared to other forms of soil organic matter, due to its greater surface area, negative surface charge, and charge density. Recent research found that biochar was of great importance in increasing soil carbon storage, improving soil fertility, as well as maintaining the balance of soil ecosystems, and it could act as a kind of soil fertilizer or amendment to increase crop yield and plant growth by supplying and retaining nutrients. In the event that biochar becomes widely applied to agricultural soils as a soil conditioner, Hypothesized mechanisms for such a potential improvement are mainly enhanced water and nutrient retention (as well as improved soil structure and drainage). Furthermore, there is experimental evidence that soil microbial communities and their activity, which hold key roles in sustaining soil health and functioning, are directly affected by the addition of biochar to soils. The full range of mechanisms and consequences behind these effects remain poorly elucidated. Mollisols is taken for the experiment in the Heilongjiang Province. A controlled field experiment is designed to investigate carbon and nitrogen availability in soil microbial community structure

英文关键词： bacteria；active organic carbon；leaching；transformation process；diversity