Front-running attacks, which benefit from advanced knowledge of pending transactions, have proliferated in the blockchain space, since the emergence of decentralized finance. Front-running causes devastating losses to honest participants and continues to endanger the fairness of the ecosystem. We present Flash Freezing Flash Boys (F3B), a blockchain architecture that addresses front-running attacks by using threshold cryptography. In F3B, a user generates a symmetric key to encrypt their transaction, and once the underlying consensus layer has committed the transaction, a decentralized secret-management committee reveals this key. F3B mitigates front-running attacks because, before the consensus group commits it, an adversary can no longer read the content of a transaction, thus preventing the adversary from benefiting from advanced knowledge of pending transactions. Unlike other threshold-based approaches, where users encrypt their transactions with a key derived from a future block, F3B enables users to generate a unique key for each transaction. This feature ensures that all uncommitted transactions remain private, even if they are delayed. Furthermore, F3B addresses front-running at the execution layer; thus, our solution is agnostic to the underlying consensus algorithm and compatible with existing smart contracts. We evaluated F3B based on Ethereum, demonstrating a 0.05% transaction latency overhead with a secret-management committee of 128 members, thus indicating our solution is practical at a low cost.
翻译：在F3B中,用户生成了一个用于加密交易的对称密钥,一旦基本的共识层进行了交易,一个分散式秘密管理委员会就披露了这一密钥。F3B缓解了前向攻击,因为在达成共识的集团实施前,对手无法再阅读交易的内容,从而阻止对手受益于对待决交易的高级知识。不同于其他基于门槛的方法,即用户用来自未来密钥的钥匙进行交易,F3B使用户能够为每笔交易生成一个独特的密钥。这一特征确保了所有未经确认的交易都保持私人性质,即使交易被推迟。此外,F3B在协商一致的集团实施前,对执行层进行前方操作,因此,我们的解决方案是智能化的、基于成本的、基于智能的、基于当前成本的、基于当前成本的、基于当前成本的、基于当前成本的、基于智能的、基于当前成本的、基于成本的、基于当前成本的、基于智能的、基于智能的、基于成本的、基于当前成本的、基于成本的、基于当前成本的、基于智能的、基于成本的、基于成本的版本的、具有可持续性的、具有可持续性的、具有可持续性的、具有可持续性的版本的版本的、具有可持续性的、具有透明度的版本的版本的版本的、具有透明度的版本的版本的版本的版本的版本的版本的版本的版本的版本的委员会。
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