Analysis of functional neural codes of deep learning models

Deep neural networks (DNNs), the agents of deep learning (DL), require a massive number of parallel/sequential operations. This makes it difficult to comprehend DNNs' operations and impedes proper diagnosis. Without better knowledge of their internal process, deploying DNNs in high-stakes domains can lead to catastrophic failures. Therefore, to build more reliable DNNs/DL to be deployed in high-stakes real-world problems, it is imperative that we gain insights into DNNs' internal operations underlying their decision-making. Here, we use the self-organizing map (SOM) to analyze DL models' internal codes associated with DNNs' decision-making. Our analyses suggest that shallow layers close to the input layer compress features into condensed space and that deep layers close to the output layer expand feature space. We also found evidence indicating that compressed features may underlie DNNs' vulnerabilities to adversarial perturbations.