Voting procedures are designed and implemented by people, for people, and with significant human involvement. Thus, one should take into account the human factors in order to comprehensively analyze properties of an election and detect threats. In particular, it is essential to assess how actions and strategies of the involved agents (voters, municipal office employees, mail clerks) can influence the outcome of other agents' actions as well as the overall outcome of the election. In this paper, we present our first attempt to capture those aspects in a formal multi-agent model of the Polish presidential election 2020. The election marked the first time when postal vote was universally available in Poland. Unfortunately, the voting scheme was prepared under time pressure and political pressure, and without the involvement of experts. This might have opened up possibilities for various kinds of ballot fraud, in-house coercion, etc. We propose a preliminary scalable model of the procedure in the form of a Multi-Agent Graph, and formalize selected integrity and security properties by formulas of agent logics. Then, we transform the models and formulas so that they can be input to the state-of-art model checker Uppaal. The first series of experiments demonstrates that verification scales rather badly due to the state-space explosion. However, we show that a recently developed technique of user-friendly model reduction by variable abstraction allows us to verify more complex scenarios.
翻译:因此,人们应该考虑人的因素,以便全面分析选举的特性,并发现威胁;特别是,必须评估有关代理人(选民、市政办公室雇员、邮务员)的行动和战略如何影响其他代理人行动的结果以及选举的总体结果;在本文件中,我们首次尝试在正式的2020年波兰总统选举多试办模式中捕捉这些方面;选举是波兰首次普遍获得邮政投票的标志;不幸的是,投票计划是在时间压力和政治压力下,在没有专家参与的情况下制定的;这可能为各种选举欺诈、内部胁迫等打开了可能性;我们以多种代理人图表的形式提出了初步可扩展的程序模式,并通过代理逻辑的公式将选定的廉正和安全特性正式化;然后,我们改造模式和公式,以便它们能够成为波兰普遍获得邮政投票的标志;不幸的是,在时间压力和政治压力下,并在没有专家参与的情况下,制定了投票计划;这可能会为各种选举欺诈、内部胁迫等行为开辟了各种可能性;我们提出了一种可扩展的程序模式的初步模式模式模式,从而通过代理人逻辑的公式将选定的廉正和安全性特性特性特性正式化;然后,我们修改这些模式和公式,以便将它们投入到州立制式的模版检查器的上;第一系列的实验系列的实验显示我们最近所发展到比较复杂的用户空间的模型的模型,使我们得以进行复杂的核查。