Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) is an emerging business model driven by the concept of "Everything-as-a-Service" and enabled through mobile internet technologies. In the context of economic deregulation, a MaaS system consists of a typical two-sided market, where travelers and transportation service providers (TSPs) are two groups of agents interacting with each other through a MaaS platform. In this study, we propose a modeling and optimization framework for the regulation of two-sided MaaS markets. We consider a name-your-own-price (NYOP)-auction mechanism where travelers submit purchase-bids to accommodate their travel demand via MaaS platform, and TSPs submit sell-bids to supply mobility resources for the MaaS platform in exchange for payments. We cast this problem as a single-leader multi-follower game (SLMFG) where the leader is the MaaS regulator and two groups of follower problems represent the travelers and the TSPs. The MaaS regulator aims to maximize its profits by optimizing operations. In response to the MaaS regulator's decisions, travelers (resp. TSPs) adjust their participation level in the MaaS platform to minimize their travel costs (resp. maximize their profits). We analyze cross-group network effects in the MaaS market, and formulate SLMFGs without and with network effects leading to mixed-integer linear bilevel programming and mixed-integer quadratic bilevel programming problems, respectively. We propose customized branch-and-bound algorithms based on strong duality reformulations to solve these SLMFGs. Extensive numerical experiments conducted on large scale simulation instances generated from realistic mobility data highlight that the performance of the proposed algorithms is significantly superior to a benchmarking approach, and provide meaningful managerial insights for the regulation of two-sided MaaS markets in practice.
翻译:在经济放松管制的背景下,MaaS系统由典型的双面市场组成,旅行者和运输服务提供者(TSP)是通过MaaS平台相互互动的两组代理商组成。在本研究中,我们提议一个有意义的模型和优化框架,以监管双向的MaaS市场。我们考虑一个实实在在的“自上自上价(NYOP)-拍卖机制,让旅行者通过MaaS平台提交购买价,满足他们的旅行需求。在经济放松管制的背景下,MaaS系统系统由典型的双面市场组成,其中旅行者和运输服务提供者(TSP)是两组通过MaaS平台相互互动。我们把这一问题说成是MaaS监管机构的监管者,两组跟踪者的问题代表了旅行者和TSP公司。MaaS监管机构通过优化业务,在MAS平台上进行交易,在MaS平台上进行旅行调整。