There is currently no established method for evaluating human response timing across a range of naturalistic traffic conflict types. Traditional notions derived from controlled experiments, such as perception-response time, fail to account for the situation-dependency of human responses and offer no clear way to define the stimulus in many common traffic conflict scenarios. As a result, they are not well suited for application in naturalistic settings. Our main contribution is the development of a novel framework for measuring and modeling response times in naturalistic traffic conflicts applicable to automated driving systems as well as other traffic safety domains. The framework suggests that response timing must be understood relative to the subject's current (prior) belief and is always embedded in, and dependent on, the dynamically evolving situation. The response process is modeled as a belief update process driven by perceived violations to this prior belief, that is, by surprising stimuli. The framework resolves two key limitations with traditional notions of response time when applied in naturalistic scenarios: (1) The strong situation-dependence of response timing and (2) how to unambiguously define the stimulus. Resolving these issues is a challenge that must be addressed by any response timing model intended to be applied in naturalistic traffic conflicts. We show how the framework can be implemented by means of a relatively simple heuristic model fit to naturalistic human response data from real crashes and near crashes from the SHRP2 dataset and discuss how it is, in principle, generalizable to any traffic conflict scenario. We also discuss how the response timing framework can be implemented computationally based on evidence accumulation enhanced by machine learning-based generative models and the information-theoretic concept of surprise.
翻译:目前没有评估自然交通冲突类型中人的反应时间的既定方法,目前没有评估自然交通冲突类型中人的反应时间的既定方法,来自受控实验的传统概念,例如感知-反应时间,没有说明人类反应的情境依赖情况,没有提出明确的方法来界定许多共同交通冲突情况下的刺激因素,因此,这些概念不完全适合在自然主义环境中应用。我们的主要贡献是制定适用于自动驾驶系统和其他交通安全领域的自然交通冲突中衡量和模拟反应时间的新框架。框架表明,反应时间必须相对于主体目前(主要)的信念来理解,而且总是嵌入动态变化中的局势,而且取决于动态变化中的局势。 反应过程是作为信念更新过程的典范,因为人们察觉到的违反先前的交通冲突情况,因此不适于自然主义环境中的应对时间。 框架解决了两种具有传统反应时间概念的限制因素:(1) 反应时间的强烈情况-反应时间,以及(2) 如何以明确定义刺激。 解决这些问题是一项挑战,必须由任何反应时间模型模型来应对,并始终植根植根于动态中的情况。