On the Path to 6G: Low Orbit is the New High

We provide an overview of the key aspects of low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite communication networks towards 6G. Offering space-based Internet services with mega-constellations of LEO satellites is a promising solution to connecting the unserved and underserved, thereby complementing the coverage of terrestrial networks and contributing to bridging the digital divide. Integrating LEO satellite access in cellular systems will be one of the connectivity's new frontiers on the path to 6G. There are however challenges from operational and technical obstacles to regulatory hurdles facing the development of LEO based communication networks. In this article, we review the evolution of LEO satellite constellations and capabilities, analyze the technical challenges and solutions of LEO satellite access networks, discuss the standardization aspects from 5G evolution to 6G, and investigate the use cases and business considerations towards 6G.