Technological advancements of Blockchain and other Distributed Ledger Techniques (DLTs) promise to provide significant advantages to applications seeking transparency, redundancy, and accountability. Actual adoption of these emerging technologies requires incorporating cost-effective, fast, QoS-enabled, secure, and scalable design. With the recent advent of quantum computing, the security of current blockchain cryptosystems can be compromised to a greater extent. Quantum algorithms like Shor's large integer factorization algorithm and Grover's unstructured database search algorithm can provide exponential and quadratic speedup, respectively, in contrast to their classical counterpart. This can put threats on both public-key cryptosystems and hash functions, which necessarily demands to migrate from classical cryptography to quantum-secure cryptography. Moreover, the computational latency of blockchain platforms causes slow transaction speed, so quantum computing principles might provide significant speedup and scalability in transaction processing and accelerating the mining process. For such purpose, this article first studies current and future classical state-of-the-art blockchain scalability and security primitives. The relevant quantum-safe blockchain cryptosystem initiatives which have been taken by Bitcoin, Ethereum, Corda, etc. are stated and compared with respect to key sizes, hash length, execution time, computational overhead, and energy efficiency. Post Quantum Cryptographic algorithms like Code-based, Lattice-based, Multivariate-based, and other schemes are not well suited for classical blockchain technology due to several disadvantages in practical implementation. Decryption latency, massive consumption of computational resources, and increased key size are few challenges that can hinder blockchain performance.
翻译:这些新兴技术的实际采用需要将具有成本效益的、快速的、可控的、安全的和可缩放的设计结合起来。此外,随着量子计算最近的出现,当前链子加密系统的安全可能会受到更大程度的损害。像Shor的大型整变因子算法和Grover的不结构化数据库搜索算法这样的量子算法可以分别提供指数化和二次加速,这与它们的经典对口系统不同。这可能会对公用钥匙加密系统和集成功能造成威胁,这必然要求从传统的加密转换到量安全加密。此外,目前链子加密系统的安全性能可能会在更大程度上受到损害。因此,量计算原则可能会在交易处理和加速采矿进程方面带来显著的加速和伸缩。为了这个目的,本篇文章首先对当前和未来的典型的链状结构化系统进行快速和二次的加速速度,而不是对古老的缩缩缩缩缩缩略图系统系统系统进行威胁。 相对于精细的精度和精细的精度计算系统,其他的精度和精细的精细的计算方法可以使精细的精细的精细的精细的精细计算系统进行。