Cumulative culture spontaneously emerges in artificial navigators who are social and memory-guided

While previously thought to be uniquely human, cumulative cultural evolution continues to be found in non-human animals. It occurs when an adaptive innovation from an individual is repeatedly passed onto consecutive generations through social learning. For example, pigeons who fly alone or in stable pairs show relatively rigid sub-optimal routes, but gradually improve route efficiency over generations of pairs in which experienced members are swapped for naive ones. This raises the question of what the minimally required cognitive architecture is for cumulative cultural evolution to emerge. Here, I aimed to answer this question in artificial agents who employ three main functions: goal-direction, social proximity, and route memory. At the optima for efficiency and generational efficiency improvement, agents replicated cumulative culture observed in pigeons. Naive individuals benefitted from being paired with an experienced navigator, because it allowed them to follow an established route. Experienced navigators also benefitted from being paired with a naive individual due to regression to the goal. Unhindered by route memory, the naive agent's heading was more likely to err towards the goal. Because of their need for social proximity, experienced agents were biased towards their naive counterparts while following a memorised route. Thus, the presence of goal-erring naive agents improved pair's route efficiency. The resulting incremental improvements over generations meet all core criteria in current frameworks of cumulative cultural evolution, suggesting that rudimentary cumulative optimisation is an evolutionary mechanism that emerges even in simple systems that prefer social proximity and have a memory capacity.