This position paper highlights an ethic of machine-to-machine cooperation and machine pro-sociality, and argues that machines capable of autonomous sensing, decision-making and action, such as automated vehicles and urban robots, owned and used by different self-interested parties, and having their own agendas (or interests of their owners) should be designed and built to be cooperative in their behaviours, especially if they share public spaces. That is, by design, the machine should first cooperate, and then only consider alternatives if there are problems. It is argued that being cooperative is not only important for their improved functioning, especially, when they use shared resources (e.g., parking spaces, public roads, curbside space and walkways), but also as a favourable requirement analogous to how humans cooperating with other humans can be advantageous and often viewed favourably. The usefulness of such machine-to-machine cooperation are illustrated via examples including cooperative crowdsourcing, cooperative traffic routing and parking as well as futuristic scenarios involving urban robots for delivery and shopping. It is argued that just as privacy-by-design and security-by-design are important considerations, in order to yield systems that fulfil ethical requirements, cooperative-by-design should also be an imperative for autonomous systems that are separately owned but co-inhabit the same spaces and use common resources. If a machine using shared public spaces is not cooperative, as one might expect, then it is not only anti-social but not behaving ethically. It is also proposed that certification for urban robots that operate in public could be explored.
翻译:这份立场文件强调了机器对机器合作和机器支持社会的伦理道德,认为能够自主感测、决策和行动的机器,例如自动化车辆和城市机器人,由不同自我利益方拥有和使用,拥有自己的议程(或其所有者的利益)的机器,应当设计并建设成合作的行为,特别是如果它们共用公共空间,也就是说,机器首先应该合作,然后只有在出现问题时才考虑替代办法;认为合作不仅对其改进运作很重要,特别是当它们使用共享资源时(例如,停车空间、公共道路、路边空间和步行路线),而且作为类似人类与其他人类合作的方式是有利和常常被看好的有利要求。这种机器对机器合作的效用可以通过实例来说明,例如合作众包、合作交通路线和停车以及城市机器人交付和购物的模糊情景。 认为,合作空间作为隐私依次设计和安全配置,不是重要的考虑因素,而是合作性考虑因素,为了实现自主的道德要求,这种机器合作合作合作合作合作的效用可以通过诸如合作采购、合作性交通路线和停车以及城市机器人的模糊情景来加以探索。