This paper presents a wearable electrotactile feedback system to enhance contact information for mid-air interactions with virtual objects. In particular, we propose the use of electrotactile feedback to render the interpenetration distance between the user's finger and the virtual content is touched. Our approach consists of modulating the perceived intensity (frequency and pulse width modulation) of the electrotactile stimuli according to the registered interpenetration distance. In a user study (N=21), we assessed the performance of four different interpenetration feedback approaches: electrotactile-only, visual-only, electrotactile and visual, and no interpenetration feedback. First, the results showed that contact precision and accuracy were significantly improved when using interpenetration feedback. Second, and more interestingly, there were no significant differences between visual and electrotactile feedback when the calibration was optimized and the user was familiarized with electrotactile feedback. Taken together, these results suggest that electrotactile feedback could be an efficient replacement of visual feedback for enhancing contact information in virtual reality avoiding the need of active visual focus and the rendering of additional visual artefacts.
翻译:本文展示了一个可磨损的电动反应系统, 以加强与虚拟天体进行中空互动的接触信息。 特别是, 我们提议使用电动反馈, 使用户手指与虚拟内容的触动发生间穿透距离。 我们的方法是根据注册的相互穿透距离调节电动触动刺激的感知强度( 频率和脉搏宽度调控) 。 在一项用户研究( N=21)中, 我们评估了四种不同的交互穿透反馈方法的性能: 仅限电动、 仅视、 电动和视觉的反馈, 以及无间穿透反馈。 首先, 结果表明, 使用干涉反馈时, 接触的精确性和准确性显著提高。 其次, 更有趣的是, 当优化校准时, 视觉和电动反应之间没有显著差异, 用户熟悉电动反应。 这些结果表明, 电动反应可以高效地取代视觉反馈, 用以在虚拟现实中加强接触信息, 避免主动视觉焦点的需要, 以及增加视觉手工艺。