Retracted papers often circulate widely on social media, online news outlets and other websites before their official retraction. The spread of potentially inaccurate or misleading results from retracted papers can harm the scientific community and the public. Here we quantify the amount and type of attention 3,985 retracted papers received over time in different online platforms, ranging from social media to knowledge repositories. Comparing to a set of non-retracted control papers, we show that retracted papers receive more attention after publication. This tendency seems to be more pronounced on news outlets and knowledge repositories. This finding indicates that untrustworthy research penetrates even curated platforms and is often shared uncritically, amplifying the negative impact on the public. At the same time, we find that posts on Twitter tend to express more uncertainty about retracted than about control papers, suggesting that these posts could help identify potentially flawed scientific findings. We also find that, around the time they are retracted, papers generate discussions that are mostly about the retraction incident rather than about the results of the paper, showing that by this point papers have exhausted attention to their findings and highlighting the limited effect of retractions in reducing uncritical conversations. Our findings reveal the extent to which retracted papers are discussed on different online platforms and identify at scale audience skepticism towards them. They also show that retractions come too late, which has implications for efforts to better time retraction notices.
翻译:被撤回的论文往往在社交媒体、在线新闻站和其他网站上在正式撤回之前广泛散发。被撤回的论文可能具有不准确或误导性,其传播可能会损害科学界和公众。在这里,我们量化了在不同在线平台,从社交媒体到知识库等不同时间里收到的3,985份被撤回的论文的数量和类型。比较了一组未经撤回的控制文件,我们发现被撤回的论文在出版后得到更多的关注。这一趋势似乎在新闻媒体和知识库中更为明显。这一发现表明,不可信的研究甚至渗透到经修饰的平台,而且往往被不严格分享,从而扩大了对公众的负面影响。与此同时,我们发现推特上的文章往往对被撤回的论文的数量和类型表示更多的不确定性,而不是对控制文件库的不确定性,表明这些文章有助于找出潜在的有缺陷的科学结论。我们还发现,在被撤回的前后,被撤回的论文引发的讨论大多是关于回溯事件,而不是对论文的结果,表明由于这一点,文件已经耗尽了对其调查结果的关注,而且往往被不精确地分享,在减少不严谨的回溯对公众的影响方面,在减少不实的论文的影响。我们的调查结果显示的回溯性讨论的范围是更深入地展示。我们的调查结果,在缩小的轨道上的回溯到更深地展示了。我们的结果到更深地展示了。