A Probabilistic Framework for Estimating the Modal Age at Death

The modal age at death is a critical measure for understanding longevity and mortality patterns. However, existing methods primarily focus on point estimates, overlooking the inherent variability and uncertainty in mortality data. This study addresses this gap by introducing a probabilistic framework for estimating the probability distribution of the modal age at death. Using a multinomial model for age-specific death counts and leveraging a Gaussian approximation, our methodology captures variability while aligning with the categorical nature of mortality data. Application to mortality data from six countries (1960-2020) reinforces the framework's effectiveness in revealing gender differences, temporal trends, and variability across populations. By quantifying uncertainty and improving robustness to data fluctuations, this approach offers valuable insights for demographic research and policy planning