RAN Functional Splits in NTN: Architectures and Challenges

While 5G networks are already being deployed for commercial applications, Academia and industry are focusing their effort on the development and standardization of the next generations of mobile networks, i.e., 5G-Advance and 6G. Beyond 5G networks will revolutionize communications systems providing seamless connectivity, both in time and in space, to a unique ecosystem consisting of the convergence of the digital, physical, and human domains. In this scenario, NonTerrestrial Networks (NTN) will play a crucial role by providing ubiquitous, secure, and resilient infrastructure fully integrated into the overall system. The additional network complexity introduced by the third dimension of the architecture requires the interoperability of different network elements, enabled by the disaggregation and virtualization of network components, their interconnection by standard interfaces and orchestration by data-driven network artificial intelligence. The disaggregation paradigm foresees the division of the radio access network in different virtualized block of functions, introducing the concept of functional split. Wisely selecting the RAN functional split is possible to better exploit the system resources, obtaining costs saving, and to increase the system performances. In this paper, we firstly provide a discussion of the current 6G NTN development in terms of architectural solutions and then, we thoroughly analyze the impact of the typical NTN channel impairments on the available functional splits. Finally, the benefits of introducing the dynamic optimization of the functional split in NTN are analyzed, together with the foreseen challenges.