Mid-air interaction is one of the promising interaction modalities in virtual reality (VR) due to its merits in naturalness and intuitiveness, but the interaction suffers from the lack of haptic feedback as no force or vibrotactile feedback can be provided in mid-air. As a breakthrough to compensate for this insufficiency, the application of pseudo-haptic features which create the visuo-haptic illusion without actual physical haptic stimulus can be explored. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of four pseudo-haptic features: proximity feedback, protrusion, hit effect, and penetration blocking on user experience for free-hand mid-air button interaction in VR. We conducted a user study on 21 young subjects to collect user ratings on various aspects of user experience while users were freely interacting with 16 buttons with different combinations of four features. Results indicated that all investigated features significantly improved user experience in terms of haptic illusion, embodiment, sense of reality, spatiotemporal perception, satisfaction, and hedonic quality. In addition, protrusion and hit effect were more beneficial in comparison with the other two features. It is recommended to utilize the four proposed pseudo-haptic features in 3D user interfaces (UIs) to make users feel more pleased and amused, but caution is needed when using proximity feedback together with other features. The findings of this study could be helpful for VR developers and UI designers in providing better interactive buttons in the 3D interfaces.
翻译:中空互动是虚拟现实中充满希望的互动模式之一,因为它在自然和直觉方面的优点,是虚拟现实(VR)中充满希望的互动模式之一,但这种互动缺乏顺畅的反馈,因为空中无法提供任何力量或振动性反馈。作为弥补这种不足的一个突破,可以探索使用假的偏执特征,这些特征在没有实际的物理偶然刺激的情况下制造了令人厌恶的错觉。因此,这项研究旨在调查四个假的假的喜好特征的影响:近距离反馈、溢出、冲击效应和渗透阻断用户在VR自由手边端按钮互动方面的经验。我们进行了21个青年主题的用户研究,以收集用户对用户经验各个方面的评级,而用户则自由地与16个按钮进行互动,同时使用四种特征的不同组合。结果显示,所有调查的特征都大大改善了用户在机能错、感化、现实感知觉、满足感和心智质量方面的经验。此外,在对另外两个用户的自我反馈特征进行比较时,对冲和冲击效果更有益。我们建议,在使用其他3个用户的精确界面时,在使用这些特征时,对用户进行更好的分析。