Mass Adoption of NATs: Survey and experiments on carrier-grade NATs

In recent times, the prevalence of home NATs and the widespread implementation of Carrier-Grade NATs have posed significant challenges to various applications, particularly those relying on Peer-to-Peer communication. This paper addresses these issues by conducting a thorough review of related literature and exploring potential techniques to mitigate the problems. The literature review focuses on the disruptive effects of home NATs and CGNATs on application performance. Additionally, the study examines existing approaches used to alleviate these disruptions. Furthermore, this paper presents a comprehensive guide on how to puncture a NAT and facilitate direct communication between two peers behind any type of NAT. The techniques outlined in the guide are rigorously tested using a simple application running the IPv8 network overlay, along with their built-in NAT penetration procedures. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed techniques, 5G communication is established between two phones using four different Dutch telephone carriers. The results indicate successful cross-connectivity with three out of the four carriers tested, showcasing the practical applicability of the suggested methods.