Harmonizing Output Imbalance for semantic segmentation on extremely-imbalanced input data

Semantic segmentation is a high level computer vision task that assigns a label for each pixel of an image. It is challengeful to deal with extremely-imbalanced data in which the ratio of target ixels to background pixels is lower than 1:1000. Such severe input imbalance leads to output imbalance for poor model training. This paper considers three issues for extremely-imbalanced data: inspired by the region based loss, an implicit measure for the output imbalance is proposed, and an adaptive algorithm is designed for guiding the output imbalance hyperparameter selection; then it is generalized to distribution based loss for dealing with output imbalance; and finally a compound loss with our adaptive hyperparameter selection alogorithm can keep the consistency of training and inference for harmonizing the output imbalance. With four popular deep architectures on our private dataset with three input imbalance scales and three public datasets, extensive experiments demonstrate the ompetitive/promising performance of the proposed method.