Due to advantages in security and privacy, blockchain is considered a key enabling technology to support 6G communications. Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) is seen as the most applicable consensus mechanism in blockchain-enabled wireless networks. However, previous studies on PBFT do not consider the channel performance of the physical layer, such as path loss and channel fading, resulting in research results that are far from real networks. Additionally, 6G communications will widely deploy high frequency signals such as millimeter wave (mmWave) and terahertz (THz), while the performance of PBFT is still unknown when these signals are transmitted in wireless PBFT networks. Therefore, it is urgent to study the performance of non-ideal wireless PBFT networks with mmWave and THz siganls, so as to better make PBFT play a role in 6G era. In this paper, we study and compare the performance of mmWave and THz signals in non-ideal wireless PBFT networks, considering Rayleigh Fading (RF) and close-in Free Space (FS) reference distance path loss. Performance is evaluated by consensus success rate and delay. Meanwhile, we find and derive that there is a maximum distance between two nodes that can make PBFT consensus inevitably successful, and it is named active distance of PBFT in this paper. The research results not only analyze the performance of non-ideal wireless PBFT networks, but also provide an important reference for the future transmission of mmWave and THz signals in PBFT networks.
翻译:由于其安全性和隐私性优势,区块链被认为是支持 6G 通信的关键启动技术。 在启用区块链的无线网络中,实用拜占庭容错(PBFT)被视为最适用的共识机制。然而,以往的 PBFT 研究并未考虑物理层信道性能,如路径损耗和信道衰落,导致研究结果远离真实网络。此外,6G 通信将广泛部署毫米波(mmWave)和太赫兹(THz)等高频信号,而 PBFT 的性能在这些信号传输到无线 PBFT 网络时仍然未知。因此,迫切需要研究在采用 mmWave 和 THz 信号的非理想无线 PBFT 网络中的性能,以便更好地使 PBFT 在 6G 时代发挥作用。在本文中,我们考虑瑞利衰落(RF)和近处自由空间(FS)参考距离路径损耗,研究并比较了非理想无线 PBFT 网络中采用 mmWave 和 THz 信号的性能。性能评估基于共识成功率和延迟。同时,我们发现并推导出两个节点之间可进行 PBFT 共识不可避免成功的最大距离,称其为 PBFT 的激活距离。研究结果不仅分析了非理想无线 PBFT 网络的性能,而且为未来在 PBFT 网络中传输 mmWave 和 THz 信号提供了重要参考。