Multi-Camera Visual-Inertial Simultaneous Localization and Mapping for Autonomous Valet Parking

Localization and mapping are key capabilities for self-driving vehicles. This paper describes a visual-inertial SLAM system that estimates an accurate and globally consistent trajectory of the vehicle and reconstructs a dense model of the free space surrounding the car. Towards this goal, we build on Kimera and extend it to use multiple cameras as well as external (e.g. wheel) odometry sensors, to obtain accurate and robust odometry estimates in real-world problems. Additionally, we propose an effective scheme for closing loops that circumvents the drawbacks of common alternatives based on the Perspective-n-Point method and also works with a single monocular camera. Finally, we develop a method for dense 3D mapping of the free space that combines a segmentation network for free-space detection with a homography-based dense mapping technique. We test our system on photo-realistic simulations and on several real datasets collected by a car prototype developed by the Ford Motor Company, spanning both indoor and outdoor parking scenarios. Our multi-camera system is shown to outperform state-of-the art open-source visual-inertial-SLAM pipelines (Vins-Fusion, ORB-SLAM3), and exhibits an average trajectory error under 1% of the trajectory length across more than 8 km of distance traveled (combined across all datasets).