【学术】论文写作葵花宝典

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【学术】论文写作葵花宝典

2020 年 1 月 16 日 深度学习自然语言处理

点击上方，选择星标或置顶，每天给你送干货！

阅读大概需要27分钟

跟随小博主，每天进步一丢丢

来自：夕小瑶的卖萌屋

作者：小鹿鹿鹿

论文写作套路

老板说：写论文是有套路的

老板说：introduction写好了，论文就成功了一半

老板说：你的motivation是什么，contribution又是啥？

小夕说：写论文的301天，每日三省吾身

我的motivation是什么？

我的contribution是什么？

在introduction中表述清楚我的motivation和contribution了吗？

所以说：Introduction的重要性不言而喻，作为论文的第一印象，很大程度上决定了审稿人阅读这篇paper时的心情。

话不多说，直接上！干！货！来看看introduction的写作套路叭。

首先开篇表明文章研究的问题是什么，阐明这个问题的重要性。
简述过去的工作，这里可以是比较宽泛的介绍，比如分了什么流派呀，主干方法是什么呀。（话锋一转）虽然过去的工作做的非常好，但是还存在哪些哪些问题，这些都非常的challenge。突出问题的难度。
针对某某问题，我们是怎么做的，为什么要这么做，这么做的好处是什么，进一步阐明motivation。
前面晓之以理，动之以情，现在可以把实验结果狠狠的砸向审稿人啦！清晰的写明论文取得的效果，分点阐述本篇文章的contribution。contribution一般两点到三点就ok，如果有某一点的贡献非常突出，有两点就非常充分啦~~
<end>终于梳理完了文中最重要的部分[]~(￣▽￣)~*

论文写作的葵花宝典

路人甲：小夕小夕，虽然我都清楚自己要写什么了（in mind），但是我的英语{{{(>_<)}}}

不慌不慌！学术英语写作跟中学英语作文还是差别很大的，刚开始写paper很容易写成夕小瑶风格，甚至可能插一个可爱的小姐姐进去╮(￣▽￣"")╭

不用担心！小夕把秘藏已久的论文写作葵花宝典献上～

Academic Phrasebank

(http://www.phrasebank.manchester.ac.uk/)

对于写作新手来说就是一个神器，按类目收集了很多论文中的常用表达。

适用于Introduction

当我们需要表达我们研究的问题多么多么重要的时候，可以这么写：

X is fundamental to ...
X has a pivotal role in …
X is frequently prescribed for …

X is fast becoming a key instrument in …
X plays a vital role in the metabolism of …
Xs have emerged as powerful platforms for …
X is essential for a wide range of technologies.
X can play an important role in addressing the issue of …
Xs are the most potent anti-inflammatory agents known.

阐述过去的工作时候，可以这么写：

Recent evidence suggests that …
Extensive research has shown that …
Studies of X show the importance of …
It has previously been observed that …
Several attempts have been made to …
P revious research has established that …
Previous research comparing X and Y has found …
The existing body of research on X suggests that …
There is a growing body of literature that recognises …
Existing research recognises the critical role played by …

过去的工作存在哪些问题，可以这么写：

Previous studies of X have not dealt with …
Researchers have not treated X in much detail.
Such expositions are unsatisfactory because they …
Most studies in the field of X have only focused on …
Such approaches, however, have failed to address …
Previous published studies are limited to local surveys.
Half of the studies evaluated failed to specify whether …
The research to date has tended to focus on X rather than Y.
Previously published studies on the effect of X are not consistent.

阐述文章motivation时，可以这么写：

The specific objective of this study was to …
An objective of this study was to investigate …
This thesis will examine the way in which the …
This study set out to investigate the usefulness of …
This dissertation seeks to explain the development of …
This prospective study was designed to investigate the use of …
This thesis intends to determine the extent to which … and whether …
This dissertation aims to unravel some of the mysteries surrounding …
Drawing upon two strands of research into X, this study attempts to …
This study therefore set out to assess the effect of X …, and the effect of …
There are two primary aims of this study: 1. To investigate … 2. To ascertain …
One purpose of this study was to assess the extent to which these factors were …

简单阐明工作怎么做的时候，可以这么说：

Five works will be examined, all of which …
This study was exploratory and interpretative in nature.
This study uses a qualitative case study approach to investigate …
Qualitative and quantitative research designs were adopted to provide …
A holistic approach is utilised, integrating X, Y and Z material to establish …
The study was conducted in the form of a survey, with data being gathered via …
The methodological approach taken in this study is a mixed methodology based on …
A combination of quantitative and qualitative approaches was used in the data analysis.

自己的实验结果和贡献，可以这么夸：

This is the first study to …
This study provides new insights into …
This work will generate fresh insight into …
The study offers some important insights into …
Understanding the link between X and Y will help …
The importance and originality of this study are that it explores …
The findings should make an important contribution to the field of ….
Characterisation of X is important for our increased understanding of …
This project provided an important opportunity to advance the understanding of …
There are several important areas where this study makes an original contribution to …
The experimental work presented here provides one of the first investigations into how …

适用于Related Work

开头总述研究问题，可以这么引入：

Research into X has a long history.
For many years, this phenomenon was surprisingly neglected by …
Only in the past ten years have studies of X directly addressed how …
Prior to the work of Smith (1983), the role of X was largely unknown.
Over the past decade, most research in X has emphasized the use of …
In recent years, there has been an increasing amount of literature on …
Early examples of research into X include … (Smith, 1962; Jones, 1974).
During the past 30 years, much more information has become available on …
The first serious discussions and analyses of X emerged during the 1970s with …
Over the past two decades, major advances in molecular biology have allowed …
Historically, research investigating the factors associated with X has focused on …

过去的研究是怎么做的，可以这么介绍：

Most research on X has been carried out in …
Most researchers investigating X have utilised …
Using this approach, researchers have been able to …
Several systematic reviews of X have been undertaken.
The vast majority of studies on X have been quantitative.
What we know about X is largely based on observational studies.
There are a number of large cross-sectional studies which suggest …
Much of the previous research on X has been exploratory in nature.
Much of the X research has focused on identifying and evaluating the …
What we know about X is largely based upon empirical studies that investigate how …
Publications that concentrate on X more frequently adopt a historical or chronological approach …

过去的工作取得了哪些结果或者进展，可以这么写：

Several lines of evidence suggest that …
Previous research has established that …
Data from several studies suggest that …
It is now well established from a variety of studies that …
A number of studies have postulated a convergence between …
Surveys such as that conducted by Smith (1988) have shown that …
Many recent studies (e.g. Smith, 2001; Jones, 2005) have shown that …
Traditionally, it has been argued that … (e.g. Smith, 1960; Jones, 1972).
Several biographies of Brown have been published. Smith (2013) presents …
In previous studies on X, different variables have been found to be related to …

对过去工作的总结，可以这么说：

Together, these studies indicate that …
Overall, these studies highlight the need for …
Considering all of this evidence, it seems that …
Collectively, these studies outline a critical role for…
In all the studies reviewed here, X is recognised as …
The evidence presented in this section suggests that …
The studies presented thus far provide evidence that …
Taken together, these studies support the notion that …
Overall, there seems to be some evidence to indicate that …
Together these studies provide important insights into the …
All of the studies reviewed here support the hypothesis that …
Two important themes emerge from the studies discussed so far:
However, such studies remain narrow in focus dealing only with …
The evidence reviewed here seems to suggest a pertinent role for …
These studies clearly indicate that there is a relationship between …
In view of all that has been mentioned so far, one may suppose that …
There remain several aspects of X about which relatively little is known.

适用于Experiment

描述图表中的实验结果，可以这么说：

What stands out in the table is …
Closer inspection of the table shows …
It is apparent from this table that very few …
The most interesting aspect of this graph is …
In Fig.10 there is a clear trend of decreasing …
What is interesting about the data in this table is that …
The differences between X and Y are highlighted in Table 4.
From the chart, it can be seen that by far the greatest demand is for …
This table is quite revealing in several ways. First, unlike the other tables …
From the data in Figure 9, it is apparent that the length of time left between …
Data from this table can be compared with the data in Table 4.6 which shows …
As Table III shows, there is a significant difference (t = -2.15, p = 0.03) between the two groups.

正向的实验结果，可以这么说：

Further analysis showed that …
Further statistical tests revealed …
On average, Xs were shown to have …
Strong evidence of X was found when …
This result is significant at the p = 0.05 level.
The results, as shown in Table 1, indicate that …
A positive correlation was found between X and Y.
There was a significant positive correlation between …
The difference between the X and Y groups was significant.
There was a significant difference in X, t(11) = 2.906, p<0.01
There was a significant difference between the two conditions …
Respondents who reported low levels of X also reported significantly lower levels of Y.

负向的实验结果，可以这么来：

No increase in X was detected.
No difference greater than X was observed.
No significant differences were found between …
None of these differences were statistically significant.
No significant difference between the two groups was evident.
X appeared to be unaffected by Y.
Only trace amounts of X were detected in …
There was no evidence that X has an influence on …
A clear benefit of X in the prevention of Y could not be identified in this analysis.

对实验结果的总结，可以这样子：

These results suggest that …
Overall, these results indicate that …
In summary, these results show that …
In summary, for the informants in this study, …
Together these results provide important insights into …
Taken together, these results suggest that there is an association between …
The results in this chapter indicate that … The next chapter, therefore, moves on to discuss the …

适用于Conclusion

复述论文的motivation，可以这么说：

This study set out to …
This paper has argued that …
This essay has discussed the reasons for …
In this investigation, the aim was to assess …
The aim of the present research was to examine …
The purpose of the current study was to determine …
The main goal of the current study was to determine …
This project was undertaken to design … and evaluate …
The present study was designed to determine the effect of …
The second aim of this study was to investigate the effects of …

总结文章的结果或者结论，可以这么说：

This study has identified …
This study has shown that …
The research has also shown that …
The second major finding was that …
These experiments confirmed that …
This study has found that generally …
The investigation of X has shown that …
The results of this investigation show that …
The most obvious finding to emerge from this study is that …
The relevance of X is clearly supported by the current findings.
One of the more significant findings to emerge from this study is that …

强调contribution，可以这么来：

The findings will be of interest to …
This thesis has provided a deeper insight into …
The study contributes to our understanding of …
These results add to the rapidly expanding field of …
This project is the first comprehensive investigation of …
The insights gained from this study may be of assistance to …
This paper contributes to recent historiographical debates concerning …
This approach will prove useful in expanding our understanding of how …
The findings from this study make several contributions to the current literature. First,…
These findings contribute in several ways to our understanding of X and provide a basis for …

简单说一下工作的不足（不用太过于谦虚哦）：

A limitation of this study is that …
Being limited to X, this study lacks …
The major limitation of this study is the …
This study was limited by the absence of …
X makes these findings less generalisable to …
The scope of this study was limited in terms of …
An issue that was not addressed in this study was whether…

畅想future work，可以这么写：

The question raised by this study is …
The study should be repeated using …
This would be a fruitful area for further work.
Several questions still remain to be answered.
More broadly, research is also needed to determine …
A further study could assess the long-term effects of …
The precise mechanism of X in insects remains to be elucidated.
These findings provide the following insights for future research: …
The issue of X is an intriguing one which could be usefully explored in further research.