In power systems, one wishes to regulate the aggregate demand of an ensemble of distributed energy resources (DERs), such as controllable loads and battery energy storage systems. We suggest a notion of predictability and fairness, which suggests that the long-term averages of prices or incentives offered should be independent of the initial states of the operators of the DER, the aggregator, and the power grid. We show that this notion cannot be guaranteed with many traditional controllers used by the load aggregator, including the usual proportional-integral (PI) controller. We show that even considering the non-linearity of the alternating-current model, this notion of predictability and fairness can be guaranteed for incrementally input-to-state stable (iISS) controllers, under mild assumptions.
翻译:在电力系统中,人们希望对分布式能源资源(DERs)组合的总需求(如可控负荷和电池能源储存系统)加以规范,我们建议一种可预测性和公平性概念,其中建议,所提供的价格或奖励的长期平均数额应当独立于DER、聚合器和电网运营商的初始状态。我们表明,由负载聚合器使用的许多传统控制器,包括通常的成比例(PI)控制器,无法保证这一概念。我们表明,即使考虑到交替流动模式的非线性,这种可预测性和公平性概念也可以在温和假设下保证对州逐步投入稳定的控制器。