On the Fairness of Causal Algorithmic Recourse

Many recent works have studied the problem of algorithmic fairness from the perspective of predictions. Instead, here we investigate the fairness of recourse actions recommended to individuals to recover from an unfavourable classification. We propose two new fairness criteria at the group and individual level which -- unlike prior work on equalising the average distance from the decision boundary across protected groups -- explicitly account for the causal relationships between input features, thereby allowing us to capture downstream effects of recourse actions performed in the physical world. We explore how our criteria relate to others, such as counterfactual fairness, and show that fairness of recourse (both causal and non-causal) is complementary to fairness of prediction. We then investigate how to enforce fair causal recourse in the training of a classifier. Finally, we discuss whether fairness violations in the data generating process revealed by our criteria may be better addressed by societal interventions as opposed to constraints on the classifier.