Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) have a wide variety of applications, and their development in terms of capabilities is continuously evolving. Many missions performed by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) require flying in public airspace. This requires very high safety standards, similar to those mandatory in commercial civil aviation. A safe UAV Traffic Management (UTM) requires several communication links between aircraft, their pilots and UTM systems. The integrity of these communication links is critical for the safety of operations. Several security requirements also have to be met on each of these links. Unfortunately, current cryptographic standards used over the internet are most often not suitable to UAS due to their limited resources and dynamic nature. This survey discusses the security required for every communication link in order to enable a safe traffic management. Research works focusing on the security of communication links using cryptographic primitives are then presented and discussed. Authentication protocols developed for UAVs or other constrained systems are compared and evaluated as solutions for UAS security. Symmetrical alternatives to the AES algorithm are also presented. Works to secure current UTM protocols such as ADS-B and RemoteID are discussed. The analysis reveals a need for the development of a complete secure architecture able to provide authentication and integrity to external systems (other aircraft, UTM systems...).
翻译:无人驾驶航空系统(UAS)应用种类繁多,其能力的发展不断变化,许多由无人驾驶航空飞行器(UAV)执行的飞行任务要求在公共空域飞行,这要求非常高的安全标准,类似于商业民航的强制性标准。安全UAV交通管理(UM)要求飞机、其飞行员和UTM系统之间有若干通信联系。这些通信联系的完整性对于业务安全至关重要。这些联系的完整性也是若干安全要求必须满足的。不幸的是,目前互联网上使用的加密标准由于资源有限和动态性,往往不适合UAS。这项调查讨论了每一个通信联系所需的安全性,以便能够进行安全交通管理。然后介绍和讨论侧重于使用加密原始技术的通信联系安全的研究工作。为UASS或其他受限制系统开发的认证协议作为UAS安全的解决办法得到比较和评价。AES算法的对等替代方法也得到了介绍。为保证诸如ADS-B和远程ID等现有UTM协议的安全性,因此需要为安全性飞机的系统提供外部认证。