Differences in the social and economic environment across countries encourage humans to migrate in search of better living conditions, including job opportunities, higher salaries, security and welfare. Quantifying global migration is, however, challenging because of poor recording, privacy issues and residence status. This is particularly critical for some classes of migrants involved in stigmatised, unregulated or illegal activities. Escorting services or high-end prostitution are well-paid activities that attract workers all around the world. In this paper, we study international migration patterns of sex-workers by using network methods. Using an extensive international online advertisement directory of escorting services and information about individual escorts, we reconstruct a migrant flow network where nodes represent either origin or destination countries. The links represent the direct routes between two countries. The migration network of sex-workers shows different structural patterns than the migration of the general population. The network contains a strong core where mutual migration is often observed between a group of high-income European countries, yet Europe is split into different network communities with specific ties to non-European countries. We find non-reciprocal relations between countries, with some of them mostly offering while others attract workers. The GDP per capita is a good indicator of country attractiveness for incoming workers and service rates but is unrelated to the probability of emigration. The median financial gain of migrating, in comparison to working at the home country, is 15.9%. Only sex-workers coming from 77% of the countries have financial gains with migration and average gains decrease with the GDPc of the country of origin. Our results shows that high-end sex-worker migration is regulated by economic, geographic and cultural aspects.
翻译:各国的社会和经济环境差异鼓励人类移徙,以寻求更好的生活条件,包括就业机会、更高的工资、安全和福利。然而,量化全球移徙由于记录、隐私问题和居留身份差而具有挑战性。这对于参与污名化、无管制或非法活动的某些类别的移民来说尤其重要。驱赶服务或高端卖淫是吸引世界各地工人的薪酬丰厚的活动。在本文件中,我们使用网络方法研究性工作者国际移徙模式。我们利用广泛的国际在线广告目录,提供护送服务和关于个人护送的信息,我们重建移徙者流动网络,其节点代表原籍国或目的地国。链接代表两国的直接路线。性工作者的移徙网络显示了不同于一般人口移徙的结构性模式。网络包含一个强大的核心,其中经常看到高收入欧洲国家群体之间的相互移徙,然而欧洲却被分成与与非欧洲国家有具体联系的不同网络社区。我们发现各国之间的非互惠性经济关系,其中一些国家大多提供性服务,而另一些国家则吸引了性工人。国内生产总值与国内移徙的平均增长率相比,人均移徙增长率为15。 国内移徙的平均值与国内移徙的平均增长率是相当的。