Advances in mobile computing have paved the way for new types of distributed applications that can be executed solely by mobile devices on device-to-device (D2D) ecosystems (e.g., crowdsensing). Sophisticated applications, like cryptocurrencies, need distributed ledgers to function. Distributed ledgers, such as blockchains and directed acyclic graphs (DAGs), employ consensus protocols to add data in the form of blocks. However, such protocols are designed for resourceful devices that are interconnected via the Internet. Moreover, existing distributed ledgers are not deployable to D2D ecosystems since their storage needs are continuously increasing. In this work, we introduce and analyse Mneme, a DAG-based distributed ledger that can be maintained solely by mobile devices. Mneme utilizes two novel consensus protocols: Proof-of-Context (PoC) and Proof-of-Equivalence (PoE). PoC employs users' context to add data on Mneme. PoE is executed periodically to summarize data and produce equivalent blocks that require less storage. We analyze Mneme's security and justify the ability of PoC and PoE to guarantee the characteristics of distributed ledgers: persistence and liveness. Furthermore, we analyze potential attacks from malicious users and prove that the probability of a successful attack is inversely proportional to the square of the number of mobile users who maintain Mneme.
翻译:移动计算的进步为新类型的分布式应用程序铺平了道路,这些应用程序只能通过在设备到设备(D2D)生态系统(例如人群测量)上的移动设备来实施; 精细的应用程序,如加密的分布式分类账,需要分布式分类账来运行; 分布式分类账,如块链和定向循环图(DAGs),采用共识协议来增加以区块形式提供的数据; 然而,这些协议是针对通过互联网连接的机智设备设计的; 此外,现有的分布式分类账无法用于D2D生态系统,因为它们的储存需求不断增加。 在这项工作中,我们引入和分析基于DAG的分布式分类账,这个基于加密的分布式分类账,只能由移动设备来维持。 分布式分类账使用两种新的共识协议,例如块链和定向循环图(DAAGs),使用协商一致协议来添加以区块形式的数据。 PoC使用用户的背景来添加关于Mneme的数据。 PoE定期执行分解数据和生成要求较少存储量的数据和相等的区块。 我们分析Mneme的Mneme的安全性模型,并证明恶意移动用户对攻击的潜在性特征的分析, 和比例攻击的用户的准确性分析。