Most corpora approach misinformation as a binary problem, classifying texts as real or fake. However, they fail to consider the diversity of existing textual genres and types, which present different properties usually associated with credibility. To address this problem, we created MINT, a comprehensive corpus of news articles collected from mainstream and independent Portuguese media sources, over a full year period. MINT includes five categories of content: hard news, opinion articles, soft news, satirical news, and conspiracy theories. This paper presents a set of linguistic metrics for characterization of the articles in each category, based on the analysis of an annotation initiative performed by online readers. The results show that (i) conspiracy theories and opinion articles present similar levels of subjectivity, and make use of fallacious arguments; (ii) irony and sarcasm are not only prevalent in satirical news, but also in conspiracy and opinion news articles; and (iii) hard news differ from soft news by resorting to more sources of information, and presenting a higher degree of objectivity.
翻译:多数公司将错误信息视为一个二元问题,将文本归类为真实或虚假文本。然而,它们没有考虑到现有文本形式和类型的多样性,它们通常具有不同的属性,通常与可信度有关。为了解决这个问题,我们创建了MINT,这是从葡萄牙主流和独立的媒体来源收集的一整套新闻文章,长达整整一年。MINT包括五类内容:硬新闻、舆论文章、软新闻、讽刺新闻和阴谋论。本文根据对网上读者所作的说明性倡议的分析,为每一类文章的定性提供了一套语言衡量标准。结果显示:(一) 阴谋理论和观点文章具有相似的主观性,并使用了谬论;(二) 讽刺和讽刺不仅在讽刺新闻中普遍存在,而且在阴谋和见解新闻文章中也普遍存在;(三) 硬新闻与软新闻不同,因为要借助更多的信息来源,提出更高的客观性。