氢燃料储存设备中高压氢气泄漏的理论及实验研究

项目名称： 氢燃料储存设备中高压氢气泄漏的理论及实验研究

项目编号： No.51476091

项目类型： 面上项目

立项/批准年度： 2015

项目学科： 能源与动力工程

项目作者： 柯道友

作者单位： 清华大学

项目金额： 80万元

中文摘要： 氢气将成为未来交通运输系统中的一种重要能源，而其作为燃料必须以极高的压力储存在交通工具及加氢站中。本项目将研究与高压氢气储存相关的安全问题，包括高压氢气泄漏所产生的欠膨胀射流的物理机制和氢气在空气中的扩散。 本项目将进行稳态和非稳态高压欠膨胀射流实验研究，包括出口附近激波结构的可视化、流动速度的PIV测量和PLRS浓度测量等。这些测量结果将有助于确定控制高压射流的关键物理机制，并提供目前迫切需要的高压泄漏实验数据。 理论研究方面，将建立新的两区域虚拟喷管模型以描述高压欠膨胀射流。数值模拟方面，将评估高压欠膨胀射流计算中实际气体物性的影响、现有湍流模型的准确性和湍流Schmidt数等参数的影响。这些理论和数值模拟研究都将有助于确定高压氢气射流周围的可燃范围，从而确定氢气储存设备和交通工具周围的安全区域。 本项目将发表高压氢气泄漏扩散方面的实验研究、理论研究和CFD研究方面的论文。

中文关键词： 氢能；氢气泄漏；高压欠膨胀射流；公共安全

英文摘要： Hydrogen will be a significant energy source in future transportation systems with fueling stations and vehicles having pressures up to 70 MPa. This project will investigate safety issues related to the storage of high pressure hydrogen including the physical mechanisms controlling underexpanded jet flows of high pressure hydrogen from small leaks and the diffusion of hydrogen into the atmosphere. The project will first include experimental investigations of steady and transient underexpanded helium jets for pressures up to 70 MPa. Helium is frequently used instead of hydrogen to provide data to benchmark hydrogen jet flow models. The experiments will include visualization of the shock structure near the exit, PIV measurements of the flow velocities and measurements of the helium concentrations in the jets and in the surrounding atmosphere. The project will then measure hydrogen concentrations in underexpanded hydrogen jet flows at Sandia National Laboratory in the US using Planar Laser Rayleigh Scatter imaging for pressures up to 6 MPa. These measurements will identify the key physical mechanisms controlling high pressure underexpanded jet flows and provide experimental data that is not yet available but is urgently needed worldwide. The data from both sets of measurements will be used to develop accurate theoretical and numerical models of supersonic, underexpanded hydrogen and helium jets and of the gas diffusion into the atmosphere. The theoretical models will be based on a new two region notional nozzle model for underexpanded jets that will be calibrated against the experimental data. This model will model the partitioning of the jet flow between the main core and the barrel shock region around the core, the significant air entrainment into the barrel shock, the effects of the low temperature jet on the surrounding air and the effects of turbulence on the hydrogen diffusion into the air. In addition, CFD models will be developed to provide more accurate predictions and to model more complex scenarios. These numerical models will be evaluated against the experimental data to evaluate the importance of using real gas properties instead of ideal gas properties, the accuracy of current turbulence models for highly underexpanded jets, and the accuracy of the turbulent Schmidt number for modeling high pressure jets. These models will then be used to define hydrogen flammability envelopes around high pressure hydrogen jets to define safety zones around hydrogen storage facilities and vehicles. These theoretical and numerical studies will clarify which physical mechanisms have the greatest effect on hydrogen jet flows and hydrogen diffusion into the atmosphere. The project will result in publications describing the experimental data for a wide range of jet flow conditions, high pressure notional nozzle models for underexpanded jets and improved CFD models for highly underexpanded hydrogen and helium jets.

英文关键词： hydrogen energy;hydrogen release;high pressure underexpanded jets;public safety