Comparing methods to assess treatment effect heterogeneity in general parametric regression models

This paper reviews and compares methods to assess treatment effect heterogeneity in the context of parametric regression models. These methods include the standard likelihood ratio tests, bootstrap likelihood ratio tests, and Goeman's global test motivated by testing whether the random effect variance is zero. We place particular emphasis on tests based on the score-residual of the treatment effect and explore different variants of tests in this class. All approaches are compared in a simulation study, and the approach based on residual scores is illustrated in a study comparing multiple doses versus placebo. Our findings demonstrate that score-residual based methods provide practical, flexible and reliable tools for identifying treatment effect heterogeneity and treatment effect modifiers, and can provide useful guidance for decision making around treatment effect heterogeneity.