A Study of Shared-Control with Force Feedback for Obstacle Avoidance in Whole-body Telelocomotion of a Wheeled Humanoid

Teleoperation has emerged as an alternative solution to fully-autonomous systems for achieving human-level capabilities on humanoids. Specifically, teleoperation with whole-body control is a promising hands-free strategy to command humanoids but demands more physical and mental effort. To mitigate this limitation, researchers have proposed shared-control methods incorporating robot decision-making to aid humans on low-level tasks, further reducing operation effort. However, shared-control methods for wheeled humanoid telelocomotion on a whole-body level has yet to be explored. In this work, we study how whole-body feedback affects the performance of different shared-control methods for obstacle avoidance in diverse environments. A Time-Derivative Sigmoid Function (TDSF) is proposed to generate more intuitive force feedback from obstacles. Comprehensive human experiments were conducted, and the results concluded that force feedback enhances the whole-body telelocomotion performance in unfamiliar environments but could reduce performance in familiar environments. Conveying the robot's intention through haptics showed further improvements since the operator can utilize the force feedback for short-distance planning and visual feedback for long-distance planning.