Contact lenses have traditionally been used for vision correction applications. Recent advances in microelectronics and nanofabrication on flexible substrates have now enabled sensors, circuits and other essential components to be integrated on a small contact lens platform. This has opened up the possibility of using contact lenses for a range of human-machine interaction applications including vision assistance, eye tracking, displays and health care. In this article, we systematically review the range of smart contact lens materials, device architectures and components that facilitate this interaction for different applications. In fact, evidence from our systematic review demonstrates that these lenses can be used to display information, detect eye movements, restore vision and detect certain biomarkers in tear fluid. Consequently, whereas previous state-of the-art reviews in contact lenses focused exclusively on biosensing, our systematic review covers a wider range of smart contact lens applications in HMI. Moreover, we present a new method of classifying the literature on smart contact lenses according to their six constituent building blocks, which are the sensing, energy management, driver electronics, communications, substrate and the interfacing modules. Based on recent developments in each of these categories, we speculate the challenges and opportunities of smart contact lenses for human-machine interaction. Moreover, we propose a novel self-powered smart contact lens concept with integrated energy harvesters, sensors and communication modules to enable autonomous operation. Our review is therefore a critical evaluation of current data and is presented with the aim of guiding researchers to new research directions in smart contact lenses.
翻译:视觉校正应用历来使用隐形眼镜; 微电子和纳米合成在灵活基质上的最近进展,现已使传感器、电路和其他基本部件能够整合在一个小型隐形透镜平台上; 这为利用隐形透镜和其他基本部件进行一系列人类机器互动应用开辟了可能性,包括视觉协助、眼睛跟踪、显示和保健等。 在本篇文章中,我们系统地审查了各种智能隐形透镜材料、装置结构以及有助于不同应用互动的构件。事实上,我们系统审查的证据表明,这些透镜可用于显示信息、探测眼运动、恢复视觉和探测撕裂液中的某些生物标记。因此,尽管先前在隐形透镜中进行的最新艺术审查完全侧重于生物感测,但我们的系统审查涵盖了在HMI中更广泛的各种智能隐形镜应用。 此外,我们提出了一种根据智能隐形透镜的6个构件(即感测、能源管理、驱动电子、通信、子流体和内置模模块)对文献进行分类的新方法。 我们根据目前各种智能研究的发展动态, 和智能感官的感官感官的感官感官感官感官的感官的感官感官的感官的感官感官感官的感官的感官感官感官的感官的感官的感官的感官的感官的感官的感官的感官的感官的感官的感官的感官的感官的感官的感官的感官的感官的感官的感官的感官的感官的感官的感官的感官的感官的感官的感官的感官的感官和感官的感官的感官的感官的感官。