The deployment of 5G wireless communication services requires the installation of 5G next-generation Node-B Base Stations (gNBs) over the territory and the wide adoption of 5G User Equipment (UE). In this context, the population is concerned about the potential health risks associated with the Radio Frequency (RF) emissions from 5G equipment, with several communities actively working toward stopping the 5G deployment. To face these concerns, in this work, we analyze the health risks associated with 5G exposure by adopting a new and comprehensive viewpoint, based on the communications engineering perspective. By exploiting our background, we analyze the alleged health effects of 5G exposure and critically review the latest works that are often referenced to support the health concerns from 5G. We then precisely examine the up-to-date metrics, regulations, and assessment of compliance procedures for 5G exposure, by evaluating the latest guidelines from IEEE, ICNIRP, ITU, IEC, and FCC, as well as the national regulations in more than 220 countries. We also thoroughly analyze the main health risks that are frequently associated with specific 5G features (e.g., MIMO, beamforming, cell densification, adoption of millimeter waves, and connection of millions of devices). Finally, we examine the risk mitigation techniques based on communications engineering that can be implemented to reduce the exposure from 5G gNB and UE. Overall, we argue that the widely perceived health risks that are attributed to 5G are not supported by scientific evidence from communications engineering. In addition, we explain how the solutions to minimize the health risks from 5G are already mature and ready to be implemented. Finally, future works, e.g., aimed at evaluating long-term impacts of 5G exposure, as well as innovative solutions to further reduce the RF emissions, are suggested.
翻译:5G无线通信服务的部署需要安装5G下一代科学节点-B基地台站(GNB),并广泛采用5G用户设备(UE)。在这方面,民众对5G设备中无线电频率(RF)排放的潜在健康风险感到关切,一些社区正在积极努力阻止5G的部署。面对这些关切,我们在这项工作中根据通信工程的角度,采用新的和全面的解决方案,分析与5G接触有关的健康风险。我们利用我们的背景,分析所称的5G接触对健康的影响,并严格审查经常用来支持5G健康关切的最新工作。然后,我们通过评价5G设备排放的最新准则、ICNIRP、ITU、IEC和FCC,以及国家法规,在220多个国家进一步将排放降到最低。我们还彻底分析与5G具体特征(e.MIMO、MIMO、5G系统未来风险评级)相关的主要健康风险。我们通过评估5G系统风险,最终测试5G系统风险,从5G系统风险降低到5G系统。