Recreational Mobility Prior and During the COVID-19 Pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting economic recession negatively affected many people's physical, social, and psychological health. Parks and green spaces may have ameliorated the negative effects of the pandemic by creating opportunities for outdoor recreation and nature exposure, while other public activities and gatherings were restricted due to the risk of disease transmission. Estimating the frequency of park visitations from aggregated mobility data of all the parks in Washington State (USA), we study trends in park use one year prior to and two years during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our findings indicate that the gravity model is a robust model for the park visitation behavior in different spatial resolutions of city level and state level and different socio-economical classes. Incorporating network structure, our detailed analysis highlights that high-income level residents changed their recreational behavior by visiting their local parks more and a broader recreational options outside of their local census area; whereas the low-income residents changed their visitation behavior by reducing their recreational choices.