虽然新技术的应用大大加快了教育革新的速度,为教育发展提供了新的可能。但是,教育的未来并不局限于将新出现的技术应用于课堂,除了技术应用以外,教学创新还包含了更加宽泛的话题。在主流教育技术领域热衷追捧新技术的潮流下,英国开放大学(The Open University,UK,以下简称“英开”)的研究团队及其合作机构编写的 《创新教学报告》(Innovating Pedagogy Report,以下简称《报告》),则更侧重于技术之上的教学。这使其与《地平线报告》等主要关注教学信息科技发展趋势的年度报告区分开来。该报告讨论的“创新教学法(Pedagogy)”是指面向现代化、技术支持下的教学、学习和评价领域,新颖的或者正在变化的理论和实践[1]。该系列报告指导教师进行富有成效的创新,对其他教育工作者也有重要的参考价值[2]。《报告》中既有刚刚崭露头角的新方法,也有对已有教学法的创新应用,这使其成为深入研究教育技术和学习科学一个很好的出发点。
从2012年起,《报告》已持续八年专注教学、学习和评估方面的创新。《报告》每年发布一期,主要面向教师、政策制定者、学术研究者等相关人群,介绍未来十年内可能会对教育产生巨大影响的十种 “创新教学法”,并估算这些教学法的潜在影响程度和开始发挥作用的时间。2019版的《创新教学报告》是这一系列报告的第七期,由英开的教育技术研究院(The Institute of Educational Technology,IET)和挪威学习科学与技术中心 (Centre for the Science of Learning&Technology,SLATE)两所研究机构合作完成。英开教育技术研究院在教育创新领域冠绝欧洲,其在教学和学习技术创新方面有着深厚的研究基础,对英国乃至全球的教育技术研究有较高的影响力[3]。另一家单位——挪威学习科学与技术中心,是由挪威教育部和卑尔根大学 (Bergen University),在2016年成立的国家级跨学科学习科学与技术研究中心。该中心汇集了来自不同学科和学校的研究人员,业务涵盖学习分析、教育大数据、学习评价及技术支持的学习创新等研究领域。最近四期的《报告》均由英国以外的研究机构参与编写,这是为了确保《报告》可以提供更为多元化的视角,关注到英国以外的教育技术实践。
行动学习应用广泛。在美国马里兰大学(University of Maryland)的史密斯商学院,学生们在行动学习中调查公司存在问题,并尝试改进某些业务。澳大利亚惠兰市的一所公立学校在一项领导力项目中,面向全校教职工开展了为期12周的行动学习,以提高教师的写作技能。行动学习与网络技术结合,有利于组织不同地区学习者在线讨论和交流。美国东北大学(Northeastern University)在“领导力开发”课程中应用在线方式,开展了为期六周的行动学习,各学习小组通过论坛进行学习和交流,这种方式得到了多数学习者的肯定和认可[14]。
“虚拟工作室”这种教学法,可用于远程学习以及需要实际动手操作的领域,如,教师培训和医学;也适用于语言学和科学之类对学习环境要求很高的学科,目前已有诸多实践案例。美国玛丽华盛顿大学(University of Mary Washington)的“DS106 数字化叙事”是一个基于虚拟工作室的开放式在线课程,使用数字媒体工具训练讲故事的技巧,通过网络进行练习和互动[17]。英国开放大学研发了OpenDesignStudio平台开展教学,一位设计师通过该平台与数百名学生交流,组织学生们鉴赏和分享同龄人的作品,指导他们设计制作一款T恤(见图1)。
“通过奇观学习”是指教师可以通过魔术表演、直观教学、新奇物品展示、户外探索等形式,激发儿童的好奇心和对学习的渴望。“奇观”既可以是彩虹,大瀑布等自然现象;也可以是石头、羽毛等自然界中的物体;还可以是利用虚拟现实技术构造的事物或现象。马修·麦克福尔(Matthew McFall)在研究和实践的基础上,总结了通过奇观学习的五个阶段:期待、相遇、调查、发现、传播[22]。他在英国诺丁汉郡建立了第一个奇观教室,开发了八个单元的系列课程,建立了多个奇观探究项目。美国国家家庭学习中心(National Center for Families Learning ,NCFL) 在2010年建立了Wonderopolis平台,用于展示奇观探索问题,提供奇观资源,其中的“奇观探索在线论坛”目前已成为美国最受欢迎的教育网站之一。
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Innovating Pedagogies with Technology: From Playful Learning to Learning with Robots:Introductions to Innovating Pedagogy Report 2019
Li Qing&Yan Yu ( School of Network Education,Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications,Beijing 100876)
【Abstract】 With the deep integration of information technology and education, especially AI and 5G communication technology offer more possibilities to education,the voice of education reform and innovation is getting higher and higher.The Open University in UK has published a series of Innovative Pedagogy Report (here in after referred to as Report), which highlights and discusses pedagogical innovations that may have impacts in education.The 2019 Report introduces ten annual innovating pedagogies in four themes as empowering teaching with new technologies, coping with future social changes and challenges, innovating existing pedagogies with new technology, and opening up new possibilities for education.Among them, there are two pedagogies-“learning with robots” and “drone-based learning”, which represent the influence of cutting-edge technology on teaching.The former re-defines teacher’s tasks, sparing teachers more time for creativity and inspiration work; the latter provides a new perspective for observation,and extending the learning space.Some pedagogies have been renewed with new technology, as “playful learning”, “learning through wonder” and “location-based learning”, strengthening the ability of these pedagogies in exploration, cooperation and communication.This Report also reminds us that while paying attention to the application of new technologies,we should put more focus on the educational and social issues urgently, the long-term development of human society, and re-image education with innovating pedagogies.Here, we interpret the innovating pedagogies and cases studies in the 2019 Report, introduce the background of the report, the author team and the writing process, the core values and principles to choose pedagogies, and give briefs of the ten annual pedagogies.Then, the authors do some further analysis and discussions on the Report: new technologies will provide more possibilities to reconstruct the learning space; empowered with technology, education will be re-imaged and re-shaped; and innovating pedagogies will offer experience and reference to promote smart education in China.
【Keywords】 Innovating Pedagogy; Informationized Teaching; Learning with Robots; Drone-based Learning; AI; Education Innovation;Reform of Teaching