Quantum Computing: A Taxonomy, Systematic Review and Future Directions

Quantum computing is an emerging paradigm with the potential to offer significant computational advantage over conventional classical computing by exploiting quantum-mechanical principles such as entanglement and superposition. It is anticipated that this computational advantage of quantum computing will help to solve many complex and computationally intractable problems in several areas of research such as drug design, data science, clean energy, finance, industrial chemical development, secure communications, and quantum chemistry, among others. In recent years, tremendous progress in both quantum hardware development and quantum software/algorithm have brought quantum computing much closer to reality. As the quantum devices are expected to steadily scale up in the next few years, quantum decoherence and qubit interconnectivity are two of the major challenges to achieve quantum advantage in the NISQ era. Quantum computing is a highly topical and fast-moving field of research with significant ongoing progress in all facets. A systematic review of the existing literature on quantum computing will be invaluable to understand the current status of this emerging field and identify open challenges for the quantum computing community in the coming years. This review article presents a comprehensive review of quantum computing literature, and taxonomy of quantum computing. Further, the proposed taxonomy is used to map various related studies to identify the research gaps. A detailed overview of quantum software tools and technologies, post-quantum cryptography and quantum computer hardware development to document the current state-of-the-art in the respective areas. We finish the article by highlighting various open challenges and promising future directions for research.